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Machiavelli Rules

Last revised: December 11, 1991
* Diplomacy and Machiavelli are trademarks of Hasbro, Inc., all rights reserved.

Machiavelli is a board game by Hasbro which is quite similar to
Diplomacy, but quite a bit more complicated. The game is now out of
production so unless you've already got one it is not likely that you'll
find a copy of it. This description of the game should be enough to
teach you the rules if you're familiar with the rules to Diplomacy. You
will need a map, a PostScript version of which is available via the
adjudicator with the "get machiavelli.ps" command. The time frame of
Machiavelli is Renaissance Italy from 1385 to 1529.

The movement rules for true Machiavelli differ from Diplomacy in a number
of places. The major difference is in support. Rather than supporting
a particular unit to a province, you support a particular power's action
in a province. The rules are very vague about conflicts such as what
happens when a power orders two of his units to move to the same province.
This adjudicator ignores the Machiavelli movement rules and uses the
standard Diplomacy movement rules instead. Units are specified by their
type and source province as in Diplomacy rather than their unit number.
Convoys and supports specify the source and destination of the unit you
are convoying rather than just the destination province. If there are
Machiavelli purests out there who want to play with the Machiavelli
movement rules (and if you can describe them unambiguously) let me know
and I'll think about implementing them.

Unless explicitly contradicted herein, the rules to standard Diplomacy
apply to Machiavelli. One contradiction is that fleets may convoy armies
even if they are in coastal provinces.

A year in Machiavelli is comprised of three 'campaigns' which are
equivalent to the two seasons, Spring and Fall, of Diplomacy. They are
Spring, Summer and Fall. This adjudicator processes movement and
retreat phases for each of these seasons and an adjustment phase at
the end of the Fall season. Machiavelli lists the adjustment phase
at the beginning of Spring, but it's six of one or a half dozen of the
other. Things mesh better with the common representation.

Rather than getting one unit per supply center owned, in Machiavelli
units are paid for out of the treasury. Only those units that the player
chooses to maintain survive through the adjustments phase.

Machiavelli introduces a new unit type called a "garrison" which occupies
"fortified cities" or "fortresses". The fortified cities are filled in
squares on the map, fortresses are open squares and their use is optional.
Two units may be in the same province if one is garrisoned in the city
and another is outside the city. A city can be garrisoned by ordering an
army or a fleet in a province containing an unoccupied city to "convert"
during a movement phase. The garrison thus created can only hold, support
actions into its corresponding province, or convert back to a fleet or
army. An army could convert into a garrison in the spring and that
garrison could then convert into a fleet in the subsequent summer. It
could not, however, convert directly into a fleet in one season. An army
or fleet that is forced to retreat from a province with an unoccupied
fortified city or fortress can convert to a garrison if and only if it
has no other place to which to retreat. Of course it could not retreat
by converting into a garrison if the unit that displaced it was a garrison
converting into its location since you cannot retreat to the location your
attacker came from).

To displace a garrison it must be besieged. To besiege a garrison, an
army or fleet in the containing province must issue the besiege order for
two consecutive campaigns. After successfully issuing the first besiege
order, the besieging unit must either issue a second besiege order or a
"lift siege" order on the subsequent movement phase. It cannot choose to
move or support another action. A besieged garrison (one whose city's
siege started during the previous campaign) cannot convert, although it
can support another unit moving into its province to displace the besieging
unit. When the siege is complete, the garrisoned unit is eliminated. If
the garrison is eliminated before the siege is completed (eg: the siege
starts in the Fall and the owning power decides not to maintain the
garrison on the subsequent adjustment phase) the sieging unit is free to
issue other orders in what would be the second campaign of the siege.

Fleets can only convert to garrisons or besiege fortified cities or
fortresses that are also ports. The port cities are signified by an anchor
symbol on the map.

In the pure Machiavelli rules as written, an army or fleet converting into
a garrison will bounce another unit attempting to move into its province
and then convert. Also, a garrison converting to an army or fleet into
an unoccupied province will convert first and then the movement rules
would be applied. These rules complicate things. Using them, if you
had an army and a garrison in Genoa, you would have to move the army out
of Genoa on one turn and wait until the next movement phase before you
could convert the garrison. This adjudicator treats the city as if it
was a separate space on the map. Converting units are treated the same
as a unit moving into or out of the province. Thus, if a garrison in
Genoa attempts to convert into an army at the same time as an army moves
from Monferrat to Genoa (and neither one has support), they will both
bounce and stay where they were.

At the start of some scenarios fortresses and/or garrisons contain
"autonomous garrisons" which are ones that are not owned by any player.
They act as obstacles and must be besieged or bribed to be removed.

Special mapboard features and rules:

1) Piombino: This province includes the offshore island of Elba. A

fleet in this province controls the straits between the mainland

and the island. An army unit in this province does not control

the straits. The straits are not a separate sea, but are part

of the Eastern Tyrrhenian Sea. If they are not controlled by

a Fleet unit in Piombino, a hostile Fleet could move directly

from Pisa to the Eastern Tyrrhenian Sea or vice versa, or

transport an army from one to the other.

2) Sicily: A fleet in Messina similarly controls the straits between

Messina and Otranto. As long as there is a fleet in Messina, no

hostile fleet could move directly from the Gulf of Naples to the

Ionian Sea or vice versa.

If a fleet successfully advances into Piombino or Messina in the same

turn as a hostile fleet attempts to use the straits, the movement

through the straits is blocked. As long as a fleet unit is in the

controlling province, no other player's units may use the straits

without the controlling player's permission. If a player wishes to

allow another player to use the straits, he must include an "alliance

power" command with his movement orders.

3) Croatia and Provence: These provinces have a north and south coast

which are treated just like the dual coast provinces in other variants

of Diplomacy.

4) Venice Lagoon: Although small, the lagoon surrounding Venice is treated

like an ordinary sea space.

5) Venice: Only one unit may be in Venice at a time. Thus if there is

a garrison there, there cannot also be a fleet or army and vice versa.

Because of this, it is impossible to besiege a garrison in Venice.

6) All land spaces can be abbreviated uniquely to their first 5 letters.

Where there are no conflicts, they can also be abbreviated to their

first 3 letters. For conflicting names, the longer of the names can

usually be abbreviated to the 3 letters and the shorter to some other

3 letter combination. Sea spaces can be abbreviated to the first letter

of each word in their name. There are additional abbreviations which

can be determined by examining the "map.machiavelli" file.

The sequence of play for Adjustment phases:

1) Famine phase (optional). A certain number of provinces may be struck

by famine. First a 2d6 die roll determines the type of year:

2,3 No disaster

4,6 Good year, row only

5,7 Good year, column only

8-12 Bad year, row and column

Then the list of provinces hit by famine is selected with one or two

2d6 die rolls on the "Famine Table":

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2: ----- ----- Prove Patri Moden ----- Corsi Ancon ----- ----- -----

3: ----- Piomb ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Tunis ----- ----- Paler

4: Tivol ----- Otran Padua Swiss Cremo Pontr ----- Herze ----- -----

5: Friul ----- Bolog Saler Veron Austr Milan Sienn ----- ----- Duraz

6: Marse Ragus Vicen Carin Berga Pisto Spole ----- Pianc Hunga -----

7: ----- Bari Slavo Montf Urbin Forno ----- Como Trent ----- -----

8: Ferra ----- Rome Pavia ----- ----- Arezz Bresc Saluz Alban Genoa

9: ----- ----- Croat ----- Flore Turin Mantu Capua Trevi ----- -----

10: Savoy ----- Sardi ----- Parma Bosni Tyrol ----- Naple Romag Dalma

11: ----- ----- Venic ----- ----- ----- ----- Carni ----- Messi -----

12: ----- ----- ----- Pisa Aquil Avign Lucca ----- Istri ----- -----

The effect of famine is:

a) Any unit in a famined province at the end of the spring movement

is eliminated. This includes garrison units.

b) New units may not be built in famined provinces.

c) Famine has no effect on control.

d) A famined province without a garrisoned city will not produce income.

A garrisoned city will produce income, but the province will not.

2) Income phase. Each player receives income in the form of "ducats".

The income comes from four sources:

a) 1 ducat for each sea space that contains one of your fleets.

b) 1 ducat for each controlled province.

c) 1 ducat for each normal city controlled. For major cities

that contain a number, that is the number of ducats received.

d) Variable income based on the home country and a 1d6 die roll.

If one player gains control of another player's home country,

the variable income of that home country is also gained.

The last player to have a unit in a province is the one who controls

it. Regardless of the season. Thus if a unit starts out in Genoa in

the spring and moves to Fornova and then to Parma in the summer and to

Mantua in the fall, at the beginning of the following adjustment phase

that player would count the income for all four provinces if no one

else moved into them. If a province has an ungarrisoned city, the

last player in the province gains control of the city. If one player

has a unit in a province and another has a garrison in the city, the

province income will go to the one player while the city income goes

to the other. If the unit in the province leaves or is eliminated

while the garrison remains, control of the province will revert to the

player with the garrison. This applies to autonomous garrisons as

well. A besieged city produces no income.

To gain control of another player's home country, you must control all

of his original provinces and cities. A player who controls no cities

in his home country (or countries if he has taken over another's home

country) at the end of a campaign is eliminated from the game and all

of his military units are immediately removed from the mapboard.

The variable income in ducats for the major powers is:

Power 1 2 3 4 5 6 die roll

------- ------------------

Austria: 1 2 3 3 4 4

Florence: 1 2 3 3 4 5

France: 1 2 3 4 5 6

Genoa: 1 2 2 3 3 4 (some scenarios only)

Milan: 2 3 3 4 4 5

Naples: 1 2 2 3 3 4

Papacy: 2 3 3 4 5 6

Turkey: 1 2 3 4 5 6

Venice: 2 3 3 4 4 5

3) Military unit payment. The adjudicator waits for adjustment orders at

this point. Each player must choose which units he wishes to maintain

or build. Three (3) ducats must be paid for each unit that is to

remain on the map at the end of this phase.

a) New units may be placed only in controlled provinces that contain

a city and are located in the player's home countries. They may be

placed either in the province or within a fortified city.

b) Only one unit may be placed in a particular province. If another

unit is in a city one may be placed in the province or vice versa,

but a unit cannot be placed both in the city and another in the

province during the same adjustment phase.

c) Old units may not be traded for new ones in the same province.

However, a player could remove a unit from one province or city

(ie: not pay for it), and then place another unit in another

province or city.

d) It is possible that a player will not be able to place all the

new units desired. The maximum number of units that any player

can have on the map are: 12 armies, 8 fleets and 6 garrisons.

e) Once units are paid for, they are paid for the entire year. No

further ducats need be paid for the units for the rest of the

year, but also, no "refunds" of ducats can be made for units that

may be eliminated or disbanded during the year.

Each existing unit must be explicitly "maintain"ed or "disband"ed

before the adjudicator will consider your orders complete. If you

submit a "maintain" order and change your mind, a subsequent "disband"

order can be submitted anytime before the phase is processed. If you

change your mind about a previously submitted "build" order, it can

be rescinded with a subsequent "disband" order or an order to build

a different type of unit in the same province or within the city.

Movement phases:

1) Plague phase (optional). This is only done during the summer campaign.

Plague is determined in an identical fashion as the famine. The effect

of plague is that all units in the plagued provinces are eliminated. A

separate plague table is used to select the set of provinces hit:

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2: Vicen Swiss ----- ----- Carni ----- ----- ----- ----- Montf Capua

3: Pontr Bosni Slavo ----- ----- ----- Croat ----- Tivol Bari Tyrol

4: Savoy ----- ----- Fruil ----- Rome ----- Marse Pavia ----- -----

5: ----- Saler Veron ----- Dalma Lucca Bolog Carin Prove ----- -----

6: ----- ----- Turin Sienn Messi Padua Austr Ferra ----- ----- -----

7: Paler ----- Genoa Alban Pisa Tunis Avign Milan ----- ----- Sardi

8: Duraz ----- Naple Moden Perug Cermo Venic Flore ----- ----- -----

9: ----- Berga Ancon Parma ----- ----- ----- ----- Mantu Istri -----

10: Romag Hunga ----- Urbin ----- ----- ----- ----- Trevi ----- Como

11: Pianc Forno ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Otran ----- Aquil Spole

12: Trent Herze ----- Bresc ----- ----- ----- Corsi ----- Patri Saluz

2) The adjudicator waits for expenditure and movement orders.

3) Borrowing phase. The first option during the expenditures phase is

the borrowing of ducats. Players may borrow up to 25 ducats from

"the bank". The loan can either be for 1 year at 20% interest or

for 2 years at 50% interest. At the *end* of the borrowing

phase of the indicated season of the indicated year, the full amount

including interest must be paid. Another loan can be taken out to

pay off the first loan as long as the outstanding principal at any

time is not greater than 25 ducats. Loans can be paid back early

during any borrowing phase, interest first. For example, you can

take out a loan of 15 ducats in Summer of 1492 for two years. By

Summer of 1494 you must pay 23 ducats (interest is always rounded

up), but if you only had 13 ducats in your treasury at the beginning

of the Summer 1494 borrowing phase you could take out another loan

of 10 ducats during that phase so that you had sufficient funds to

pay off the loan.

Careful planning must be executed to ensure that you don't default on

the loan. If you are unable to pay off a loan, you suffer the same

effects as assassination below and you will not be allowed to borrow

from the bank for the rest of the game. In addition to borrowing

ducats from the bank, players may loan ducats to other players.

Loaning ducats to another player can be done during any borrowing

phase and happens before the bank collects any outstanding loans

due during that phase. The receiving player (and any third party)

will not know whether he really received the loan until the phase is

actually processed. Whether or not the player pays back these

nonbinding loans is up to the individual player. A player who is in

debt to the bank cannot loan money to another player before paying

off that loan. Thus you cannot, as your last dying gasp, borrow 25

ducats and give them to your ally.

The judge processes the pay/borrow commands in the following sequence:

a) "Pay to bank" commands.

b) "Pay to other player" commands (must be no outstanding loans).

c) "Borrow" commands. Total principal cannot exceed 25d.

d) Bank collects any due loans.

Example: If you have 20d and a 25+13=38d loan due, you *cannot* borrow

18d to pay off that loan because you would be over your credit limit

temporarily, eventhough you would immediately drop back down below it.

In this case you would need to get other players to help you out. You

could pay the 20d toward the loan, changing it to 18+0d, and borrow 7d

more, so you would need 11d from other players to avoid the penalty

Paying to the bank comes first so you couldn't use the money received

from other players to lower your loan in order to increase the amount

you could borrow. However, if they gave you the money on the previous

season it would only have to be 6d. With 26d and a 25+13=38d loan, you

can pay it off to 12+0d, allowing you to borrow up to 13d to pay off the

remaining 12d due.

4) Expenditures phase. Each player can make up to four expenditures

during each campaign. The ducats for the expenditure are subtracted

from the player's treasury. If the expenditure is invalid the cost

of the expenditure is nevertheless subtracted from the treasury.

Expenditures will be executed in their numerical order. If the

treasury is insufficient to support all the expenditures (eg: an

expected loan from another player didn't come through) the remaining

treasury will be used anyway.

a) Famine relief. 3 ducats. This order is given to end the effects of

famine in a province. The name of the province is noted.

b) Pacify Rebellion. 12 ducats. This order is given to end the effects

of a rebellion in a province.

c) Counter-bribe. 3n ducats. Used to nullify a suspected bribe attempt.

Bribes are items 'd' through 'i' below. The unit must be specified.

Any multiple of 3 ducats can be spent.

1) If a unit has a bribe and a counter-bribe the number of the

counter-bribe ducats is subtracted from the bribe ducats. If

the remaining number of bribe ducats are too few to carry out

the ordered bribe, it fails.

2) Counter-bribes are only effective against bribes (d-i below),

they cannot be used to against rebellions or assassination

attempts.

3) Counter-bribes can be ordered for another player's units or

autonomous garrisons as well as for your own units.

4) If several bribes are directed at the same unit during the same

campaign, only the largest one is considered. All smaller ones

are ignored and wasted. If there is a tie for the largest bribe,

all bribes to that unit fail and are wasted.

5) Bribes can be larger than the minimum costs listed in multiples

of three ducats. Larger bribes are common to offset suspected

counter-bribes. The minimum cost for all bribes for garrisons

in major cities (those with a number imprinted) are doubled.

6) A player who orders a bribe to buy another unit may also submit

orders for that unit in the same campaign.

7) The size of the bribe must be large enough to carry out the

specified bribe order. Even if the amount of the bribe is large

enough to carry out another, cheaper, bribe, if there are not

enough ducats for the ordered bribe, it fails.

d) Disband autonomous garrison. 6+3n ducats. If successful the specified

autonomous garrison is removed from play.

e) Buy autonomous garrison. 9+3n ducats. If successful the specified

autonomous garrison will become one of your own units.

f) Committed garrison to autonomous. 9+3n ducats. If successful the

specified garrison owned by another player will become autonomous.

The term "committed" refers to a unit owned by another player as

opposed to "autonomous" which is an unowned unit.

g) Disband committed garrison. 12+3n ducats. If successful the

specified garrison is removed from play.

h) Disband army or fleet. 12+3n ducats. If successful the specified

unit is removed from play.

i) Buy army or fleet. 18+3n ducats. If successful the specified unit

becomes one of your own. An army remains an army and a fleet will

remain a fleet.

j) Conquered province to rebel. 9 ducats. This order is given to start

a rebellion in an enemy-controlled province that is not part of his

home country.

k) Home province to rebel. 15 ducats. This order is given to start

a rebellion in an enemy-controlled province that is part of his home

country.

Notes on rebellions:

1) If the province contains a fortified city or a fortress when

fortresses are in play, the rebellion affects the city. If there

is a garrison, the rebellion only affects the province, even if

the garrison leaves or is eliminated.

2) Rebellions are directed at a particular power. They will remain

in the province and/or city until they are pacified, put down or

liberated.

3) Income cannot be collected from a province and/or city that is

in rebellion, although income can be collected for a city within

a rebelling province if the city is not in rebellion itself.

4) A rebellion may be pacified using the pacify rebellion expenditure.

5) A rebellion in a province may be put down by the controlling player

by issuing a hold order for an army or fleet or garrison in the

province.

6) To put down a rebellion in a fortified city or fortress, the

normal besiege sequence must be carried out.

7) A rebellion may be liberated by a unit of another player moving

into the province. The rebellion is liberated immediately whether

or not it is in a city. The rebellion is also liberated if another

power buys a unit in the rebelling province.

8) Any player other than the one to which the rebellion is directed

gets an automatic support in moving into a rebelling province.

If two other players attempt to move into a rebelling province at

the same time, neither can take advantage of this support.

9) No rebellion may be placed in Venice if there is a unit there,

either in the city or in the province.

l) Assassination (optional). 12n ducats. At the start of the game

each player is given one 'assassination chit' for each of the other

players. You must have such a chit to attempt an assassination on

another player. Once an attempt is made, the corresponding chit is

destroyed. Chits can be traded amongst the players. When an

assassination is executed, a 1d6 die roll is made. For every 12

ducats paid in the attempt, the chances of the attempt being

successful increase by one number. 36 is the maximum, yielding a

50% success rate. More that one assassination attempt may be made

on the same player, but the effects are the same if one or both of

them succeed.

1) All the units of the victim of a successful assassination attempt

are paralyzed for the campaign. All orders are converted to hold

orders although they may still be supported by other players'

units. The hold orders cannot be used to put down rebellions and

all sieges that the player is attempting are broken.

2) Any of the victim's garrisons that are under siege are immediately

eliminated.

3) Some number of the victim's controlled provinces will take advantage

of the assassination to rebel. Based on a 1d6 die roll:

Type of province die

-------------------------- ---

A home province with a unit 1

Home province with no unit 1-2

Conquered province with unit 1-3

Conquered province, no unit 1-5

4) The assassinated player is not out of the game. He continues,

representing his own successor as ruler of the major power. The

effects of assassination merely show the often chaotic effects

of a sudden shift in power at the top.

The military units in the game are all assumed to be of the standard

composition of the times; that is, they are mainly composed of mercenaries

who fought (usually no harder than necessary) for money, and are highly

susceptible to bribes, as their allegiance went to the highest bidder.

Some military units of different composition did appear during this time,

and the following three unit types represent them. Each power may only

have one special unit in play at any one time. They can be armies, fleets

or garrisons.

a) Citizen's Militia:

1) Costs 6 ducats rather than 3.

2) Has a strength of 1.

3) Costs twice the normal amount to bribe.

4) Available to Florence, Milan, Papacy and Venice

b) Elite Mercenaries:

1) Costs 6 ducats rather than 3.

2) Has a strength of 2.

3) May be bribed for the normal amount.

4) Available to all powers except Ottoman Turks

c) Elite Professionals:

1) Costs 9 ducats rather than 3.

2) Has a strength of 2.

3) Costs twice the normal amount to bribe.

4) Available to Austria, Turks and Venice

The syntax for the orders are:

Movement/Expenditure orders:

...

to | "bank" (money)

to (assassination chits)

Retreat orders:

Adjustment orders:

Where:

= Special type (eg: "militia") or followed by .

= "army", "a", "fleet", "f", "garrison", "g", or .

= Source province.

= Destination province.

= Intermediate water province in a convoy route.

= "h", "hold", "holds", "stand", "stands".

= "-", "->", "m", "move", "moves", "move to", "moves to".

= "s", "support", "supports".

= "t", "transport", "transports", "convoy", "convoys"

= "c", "convert", "convert to".

= "b", "besiege", "siege".

= "l", "lift", "lift siege".

= "d", "disband".

= "b", "build".

= "r", "remove", "d", "disband".

= "m", "maintain".

= quotborrowquot.

= quotfor 1 yearquot, quotfor 2 yearsquot

= quotloanquot, quotgivequot, quotpayquot

= quotducatsquot, quotdquot

= Power name or abbreviation of 2 or more letters.

= quotallowquot, quotalliancequot, quotally withquot, quotallyquot

= "expense" ":"

= "famine relief", "pacify rebellion", "counter-bribe", "disband",

"buy", "garrison to autonomous", "cause rebellion", "assassinate",

"none"

Example movement phase orders for Florence:

Signon Lname

Pay 14 ducats to bank All loans from bank must be paid...

Pay 6 ducats to Milan before giving to another power...

Borrow 25 ducats for 2 years but then more could be borrowed.

Expense 1: 12 ducats Disband Army Bologna

Expense 2: 3 ducats Counter-bribe Army Arezzo

Expense 3: 24 ducats Assassinate Papacy

Army Arezzo -> Sienna; Army Florence -> Arezzo

Fleet Pisa Convert to Garrison

If you then changed your mind and decided not to pay the 6 ducats to Milan

or spend the money to counter-bribe Arezzo but instead use it to attempt to

buy the unit in Bologna anticipating a counter-bribe, you could submit a

revision containing:

Signon Lname

Pay 0 ducats to Milan

Expense 1: 21 ducats buy Army Bologna

Expense 2: none

Army Bologna -> Ferrara

Optional rules:

The "set" command can be used by the moderater/master of a game to enable

or disable the following optional rules:

set [no]famine

To disable/enable the famine rules.

set [no]plague

To disable/enable the plague rules.

set [no]loans

To disable/enable the borrowing of ducats from the bank. This does not

affect whether one player can give money to another player (or the bank).

set [no]assassinations

To disable/enable the use of the assassination expenditure. The effects

of assassinations can still be realized by non-payment of loans if they

are in play even with assassinations disabled.

set [no]dice

To disable/enable random events. Setting nodice automatically disables

the above four options. Enabling any of the above options automatically

enables the dice option. In addition to the four items above, when the

nodice option is selected rolls for variable income will always come up

as 4s on odd years and 3s on even years.

set [no]special

To disable/enable the special unit types.

set [no]adjacency

To disable/enable the restriction that bribes can only be made to

units to which you have an adjacent unit. When adjacency is selected

you must have a unit adjacent to another unit in order to bribe or

counter-bribe that unit. Note that a fleet in Sienna is considered

adjacent to a garrison in Florence for the purposes of bribery. You

can always counter-bribe your own unit as it will suffice as its own

adjacent unit.

The status of these options are listed in the "full" listing of the games

under the heading "flags". By default they are all enabled except for the

"plague" option which is disabled (that rule's just too nasty).